PREVALENCE OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA IN HOSPITAL CAFETERIA FAST FOODS IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH AND THEIR RESISTANCE TO CURRENT ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3329/brc.v10i1.70644Keywords:
fast foods, hospital cafeteria, Gram-positive bacteria, antibiotic resistance Amino acid profile, essential amino acid content, recommended nutrient intakeAbstract
Emerging antibiotic resistance of Gram-positive bacteria leading to strikethrough infections are one of the major threats to global public health. This research aimed to determine different circulating Gram-positive bacterial species as well as their antibiotic resistance pattern along with their phylogenetic analysis. Fifty (50) Gram-positive isolates from different bacterial species were isolated from eight different hospital cafeteria fast foods of Dhaka, Bangladesh of which 58% of the isolates were from sandwiches and 42% of the isolates were from burger samples. The isolates were divided into six different groups based on different biochemical tests belonging to Bacillus spp. followed by Planococcus spp., Micrococus spp., Streptococcus spp., Clostridium spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Distribution of isolates varied greatly keeping the highest number of isolates from Bacillus spp. and lowest in Staphylococcus spp. BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequenced isolates were Gram-positive bacteria under firmicutes and shared their identity with Chryseomicrobium spp., Sporosarcina psychrophila, Bacillus licheniformis. About 6% of the isolates were strong biofilm former whereas 4%, 24% and 66% of the isolates were moderate biofilm formers, weak biofilm formers and non-biofilm formers respectively. About 6% of the isolates showed β-hemolytic properties. About 72% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Among the antibiotics, ampicillin and penicillin showed the highest level of resistance followed by cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, meropenem and no resistance to imipenem. A higher proportion of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-positive isolates were revealed from the hospital cafeteria fast foods demonstrating the risky situation regarding hospital associated infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.
References
Abbey, T. C., & Deak, E. (2019). What’s New from the CLSI Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing M100, 29th Edition. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 41(23), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2019.11.002
Abebe, E., Gugsa, G., & Ahmed, M. (2020). Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2020, 4674235. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4674235
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. (1924). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 82(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1924.02650280079041
Clarence, S. Y., Obinna, C. N., & Shalom, N. C. (2009). Assessment of bacteriological quality of ready to eat food (Meat pie) in Benin City metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(7), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR.9000103
Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute: CLSI Guidelines. (n.d.-a). Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Retrieved November 28, 2022, from https://clsi.org/
Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute: CLSI Guidelines.2022). Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://clsi.org/
Dey, M., Mokbul, M., Ismail, I., & Alim, S. (2018). Identification of Antibiotic Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Popular Street-Food Item (Chatpati) in Dhaka University Campus, Bangladesh. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180402.15
Fangio, M. F., Roura, S. I., & Fritz, R. (2010). Isolation and identification of Bacillus spp. And related genera from different starchy foods. Journal of Food Science, 75(4), M218-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01566.x
Freitas, J. K. G. R., Assis, C. F. de, Oliveira, T. R. M. de, Maia, C. M. de M., Sousa, B. J. de, Medeiros, G. C. B. S. de, Seabra, L. M. J., & Damasceno, K. S. F. da S. C. (2023). Prevalence of staphylococcal toxin in food contaminated by Staphylococcus spp.: Protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0282111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282111
Ghosh, S., & Alim, S. (2022). Food Handler’s Understanding Regarding Food Handling Knowledge and Practices and Contributing Factors to Those Practices of Selected Hospital Cafeterias in Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 12, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220930
Guo, Y., Song, G., Sun, M., Wang, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). Prevalence and Therapies of Antibiotic-Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00107
Hoque, M. N., Das, Z. C., Rahman, A. N. M. A., Haider, M. G., & Islam, M. A. (2018). Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains in bovine mastitis milk in Bangladesh. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.008
Hoque, M. N., Istiaq, A., Clement, R. A., Gibson, K. M., Saha, O., Islam, O. K., Abir, R. A., Sultana, M., Siddiki, A. Z., Crandall, K. A., & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Insights Into the Resistome of Bovine Clinical Mastitis Microbiome, a Key Factor in Disease Complication. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00860
Hoque, M. N., Istiaq, A., Clement, R. A., Sultana, M., Crandall, K. A., Siddiki, A. Z., & Hossain, M. A. (2019). Metagenomic deep sequencing reveals association of microbiome signature with functional biases in bovine mastitis. Scientific Reports, 9, 13536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49468-4
Humaidan, A. H. (2021). Bacterial Isolates and Their Ability to Produce Hemolysin. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Bacterial-Isolates-and-Their-Ability-to-Produce-Humaidan/a12ab9c94e366fed1544d6765aef523164775a1c
Islam, N., & Ullah, G. M. S. (2010). Factors Affecting Consumers Preferences On Fast Food Items In Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 26(4). https://www.academia.edu/28471402/Factors_Affecting_Consumers_Preferences_On_Fast_Food_Items_In_Bangladesh
Jahan, F., Mahbub-E-Elahi, A., & Siddique, A. (2016). Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Raw Beef Sold in Sylhet Sadar. The Agriculturists, 13, 9. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26654
Kadariya, J., Smith, T. C., & Thapaliya, D. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in public health. BioMed Research International, 2014, 827965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/827965
Karaman, R., Jubeh, B., & Breijyeh, Z. (2020). Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Overcoming Approaches. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(12), 2888. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122888
Katzenell, U., Shemer, J., & Bar-Dayan, Y. (2001). Streptococcal contamination of food: An unusual cause of epidemic pharyngitis. Epidemiology and Infection, 127(2), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006021
Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
Kowalska-Krochmal, B., & Dudek-Wicher, R. (2021). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance. Pathogens, 10(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020165
Kulkarni, A. P., Nagvekar, V. C., Veeraraghavan, B., Warrier, A. R., Ts, D., Ahdal, J., & Jain, R. (2019). Current Perspectives on Treatment of Gram-Positive Infections in India: What Is the Way Forward? Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, 2019, 7601847. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7601847
Levine, N. D. (1975). Buchanan, R. E. & Gibbons, N. E., eds. 1974. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 8th ed. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. 21202. Xxvi + 1246 pp. $45.00. The Journal of Protozoology, 22(1), 7–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb00935.x
Michels, R., Last, K., Becker, S. L., & Papan, C. (2021). Update on Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci—What the Clinician Should Know. Microorganisms, 9(4), 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040830
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. (2004). National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. American Journal of Infection Control, 32(8), 470–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196655304005425
Saha, O., Hoque, M. N., Islam, O. K., Rahaman, M. M., Sultana, M., & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh. Microorganisms, 8(8), E1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081135
Silhavy, T. J., Kahne, D., & Walker, S. (2010). The Bacterial Cell Envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2(5), a000414. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
Sizar, O., Leslie, S. W., & Unakal, C. G. (2023). Gram-Positive Bacteria. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470553/
Weisburg, W. G., Barns, S. M., Pelletier, D. A., & Lane, D. J. (1991). 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. Journal of Bacteriology, 173(2), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.2.697-703.1991
Wisplinghoff, H., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2003). Current trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid neoplasms in hospitals in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 36(9), 1103–1110. https://doi.org/10.1086/374339
Woodford, N., & Livermore, D. M. (2009). Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: A review of the global challenge. The Journal of Infection, 59 Suppl 1, S4-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-4453(09)60003-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author(s) will retain the copyright of their own articles. By submitting the article to Bioresearch Communications (BRC), the author(s) have granted the BRC for the use of the article.
