Proteomic Insights into the Health Impacts of Cigarette Smoking: Analyzing Nicotine, PAHs, Aromatic Amines, and Aldehydes

Authors

  • Md. Liton Miah Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh
  • Md. Fuad Hossain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh
  • Md. Ekhlas Uddin Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh
  • Md. Habibur Rahman Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
  • Hridoy Barua Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh
  • Abdirizak Abdirahman Osman Department of Biology and Chemistry, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia
  • Md. Abdul Aziz Khan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh
  • Md. Ramjan Sheikh Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3329/brc.v11i1.78881

Keywords:

Cigarette smoking, Nicotine, PAHs, Aromatic amines, Aldehydes and Functional analysis

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is a highly detrimental and dangerous habit that can lead to cancer. It contains numerous harmful compounds such as nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines, aldehydes, and various other compounds that are produced during smoking and enter the body. When these toxic substances enter the body, they can harm various systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, renal-urinary, reproductive, and ophthalmic systems. This study aims to identify the proteins that interact with nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines, and aldehydes and to predict their potential impacts on the human body. We collected data for this investigation from the STITCH, STRING, UniProtKB, and NCBI databases. Next, we inputted the fasta sequences of identified proteins into OmicsBox to perform BLAST, GO Mapping, and functional annotation analysis. This study collected 330 sequences, consisting of 44 sequences for nicotine, 88 sequences for PAHs, 88 sequences for aromatic amine, and 100 sequences for aldehydes; finally, 205 sequences were obtained after the BLAST search. The functional annotation study revealed that these compounds significantly affect human health, especially biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Our study also found that these compounds have numerous effects on signaling pathways, heart health, brain, reproductive system, liver functions, kidney functions, RNA and DNA binding, molecular apoptosis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, mitochondrion, nucleoplasm, cytosol, and various cellular components.  We have identified multiple genes stimulated by nicotine, PAHs, aromatic amines, and aldehydes, including BDKRB2, GPRC1C, MGLUR3, NNMT, ALDH1B1, ALDH7, DERA, CRABP2, ADH1A, ODC1, TLR6, JMJD1, and so on. Most of the genes are responsible for lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and alcohol-related cancer. The act of smoking cigarettes can have detrimental effects on individuals close to the smokers, even if they do not engage in smoking due to the transmission of harmful vapor via the air. Our study demonstrated that cigarette smoking is a highly prevalent and preventable cause of cancer, heart disease, and reproductive diseases, making it imperative for individuals to be knowledgeable and resolute in their efforts to stop it.

References

Abdu, H., Kinfu, Y., and Agalu, A. (2014). “Toxic effects of formaldehyde on the nervous system”. International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 3(3): 050-059.

Agova, S., Groseva, D., Panev, T., Popov, T., Toncheva, D., and Hadjidekova, V. (2005). “Effect of environmental exposure to PAHs on somatic chromosomes”. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(3): 143-148.

Ahmad, M., Selvaraj, E. and Meenakshisundaram, R. (2014). “The effects of active and passive smoking and cardiovascular”. Heart and Toxins, 437.

Al Hariri, M., Zibara, K., Farhat, W., Hashem, Y., Soudani, N., Al Ibrahim, F., Hamade, E., Zeidan, A., Husari, A., and Kobeissy, F. (2016). “Cigarette smoking-induced cardiac hypertrophy, vascular inflammation and injury are attenuated by antioxidant supplementation in an animal model”. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7: 397

Ali, M.T., Alam, M.A., Ullah, M.E., Ashraf, M.A., Sayed, M.A., and Jahan, A. (2017). “Prediction of possible effects of arsenic and cadmium in human health using chemical-protein and protein-protein interaction network”. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 5(6): 74-81.

Ali, T., Sazed, S.A., Palit, P., Sayed, A., and Alam, A. (2017). “Network and pathway analysis for cesium in Homo sapiens”. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 3(1): 289-297.

Aravamudan, B., Kiel, A., Freeman, M., Delmotte, P., Thompson, M., Vassallo, R., Sieck, G.C., Pabelick, C.M., and Prakash, Y.S. (2014). “Cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle”. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 306(9): L840–L854.

Asada, K., Miyamoto, K., Fukutomi, T., Tsuda, H., Yagi, Y., Wakazono, K., Oishi, S., Fukui, H., Sugimura, T., and Ushijima, T. (2003). “Reduced expression of GNA11 and silencing of MCT1 in human breast cancers”. Oncology, 64(4): 380–388.

Asatryan, R., Hudzik, J., and Swihart, M. (2024). “Intramolecular catalytic hydrogen atom transfer (CHAT)”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 128(11): 2169–2190.

Asgary, S., Naderi, G., and Ghannady, A. (2005). “Effects of cigarette smoke, nicotine and cotinine on red blood cell hemolysis and their -SH capacity”. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 10(2): 116-119.

Atta, M.M., Hussain, S.G., and Ahmed, A.J. (2019). “Effect of cigarette smoking on the activity of liver enzyme (AST, ALT, ALP)”. Plant Archives, 19(1): 1874–1880.

Averill-Bates, D.A., and Tanel, A. (2024). “Activation of cellular signalling pathways and apoptosis by the aldehyde acrolein-A major environmental hazard”. Redox Biochemistry and Chemistry, 7: 100019.

Barbetti, F., del Guerra, S., Marselli, L., Lupi, R., D'Onofrio, L., and Boggi, U. (2009). “Opposite clinical phenotypes of glucokinase disease: Description of a novel activating mutation and contiguous inactivating mutations in human glucokinase (GCK) gene”. Molecular Endocrinology, 23(12): 1983–1989.

Barnes, J.L., Zubair, M., John, K., Poirier, M.C., and Martin, F.L. (2018). “Carcinogens and DNA damage”. Biochemical Society Transactions, 46(5): 1213–1224.

Belcheva, A., Ivanova-Kicheva, M., Tzvetkova, P., and Marinov, M. (2004). “Effects of cigarette smoking on sperm plasma membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation”. International Journal of Andrology, 27(5): 296–300.

Benowitz, N.L., and Gourlay, S.G. (1997). “Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for nicotine replacement therapy”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 29(7): 1422–1431.

Bernhard, D., Moser, C., Backovic, A., and Wick, G. (2007). “Cigarette smoke-an aging accelerator?” Experimental Gerontology, 42(3): 160–165.

Bharadwaj, A.G., McLean, M.E., Dahn, M.L., Cahill, H.F., Wasson, M.D., Arun, R.P., Walker, O.L., Cruickshank, B.M., Fernando, W., Venkatesh, J., Barnes, P.J., Bethune, G., Knapp, G., Helyer, L.K., Giacomantonio, C.A., Waisman, D.M., and Marcato, P. (2024). “ALDH1A3 promotes invasion and metastasis in triple‐negative breast cancer by regulating the plasminogen activation pathway”. Molecular Oncology, 18(1): 91–112.

Bilgiç, A., Aydemir, E., Caner, A., Erten, T., and Kandemir, N. (2024). “Serum BAFF, APRIL, TWEAK, TNFSF18, TNFR2, and TNFRS12A levels in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder”. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, pp. 1–9.

Black, C.E., Huang, N., Neligan, P.C., Levine, R.H., Lipa, J.E., Lintlop, S., Forrest, C.R., and Pang, C.Y. (2001). “Effect of nicotine on vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in human skin vasculature”. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281(4): R1097–R1104.

Chen, C.-H., Sun, L., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (2010). “Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and cardiac diseases”. Cardiovascular Research, 88(1): 51–57.

Chen, Y., Orlicky, D.J., Matsumoto, A., Singh, S., Thompson, D.C., and Vasiliou, V. (2011). “Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 (ALDH1B1) is a potential biomarker for human colon cancer”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 405(2): 173–179.

Cho, T., and Uetrecht, J. (2017). “How reactive metabolites induce an immune response that sometimes leads to an idiosyncratic drug reaction”. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 30(1): 295–314.

Corradi, M., Pignatti, P., Manini, P., Andreoli, R., Goldoni, M., and Mutti, A. (2003). “Aldehydes in exhaled breath condensate of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167(10): 1380–1386.

Csordas, A., and Bernhard, D. (2013). “The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke”. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 10(4): 219–230.

Cucina, A., Sapienza, P., Corvino, V., Borrelli, V., Randone, B., Santoro-D’Angelo, L., and Cavallaro, A. (2000). “Nicotine induces platelet-derived growth factor release and cytoskeletal alteration in aortic smooth muscle cells”. Surgery, 127(1): 72–78.

Das, D., and Shafi, S. (2023). “Bioactivity-guided fractionation and identification of bioactive molecules: A basic method in drug discovery”. In V.S. Rajput and A. Runthala (Eds.), Drugs and a Methodological Compendium: From bench to bedside, 41–78.

Detmar, J., Rabaglino, T., Taniuchi, Y., Oh, J., Acton, B.M., Benito, A., Nunez, G., and Jurisicova, A. (2006). “Embryonic loss due to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is mediated by Bax”. Apoptosis, 11(8): 1413–1425.

Dias, C.M., Punetha, J., Zheng, C., Mazaheri, N., Rad, A., Efthymiou, S., Petersen, A., Dehghani, M., Pehlivan, D., Partlow, J.N., Posey, J.E., Salpietro, V., Gezdirici, A., Malamiri, R.A., Al Menabawy, N.M., Selim, L.A., Vahidi Mehrjardi, M.Y., Banu, S., Polla, D.L., and Maroofian, R. (2019). “Homozygous missense variants in NTNG2, encoding a presynaptic netrin-G2 adhesion protein, lead to a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder”. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(5): 1048–1056.

El-Bouhy, Z., Reda, R.M., Mohamed, F.A.S., Elashhab, M.W.A., and Abdel Rahman, A.N. (2024). “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution approaches in aquatic ecosystems: Perils and remedies using green technologies”. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 52(1): 49–87.

Esterlis, I., Hannestad, J.O., Perkins, E., Bois, F., D’Souza, D.C., Tyndale, R.F., Seibyl, J.P., Hatsukami, D.M., Cosgrove, K.P., and O’Malley, S.S. (2013). “Effect of a nicotine vaccine on nicotine binding to β2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo in human tobacco smokers”. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4): 399–407.

Fitzmaurice, A.G., Rhodes, S.L., Lulla, A., Murphy, N.P., Lam, H.A., and O’Connell, M.T. (2014). “Aldehyde dehydrogenase variation enhances effect of pesticides associated with Parkinson disease”. Neurology, 82(5): 419–426.

Gallardo, C.P.S. (2021). “The impact of nicotine exposure and cigarette smoking on gene expression and behavior”.

Golka, K., Weistenhöfer, W., Zengerling, G., Blaszkewicz, M., and Bolt, H.M. (2004). “Occupational exposure and urological cancer”. World Journal of Urology, 21(6): 382–391.

Gonçalves, R.B., Coletta, R.D., Silvério, K.G., Benevides, L., Casati, M.Z., da Silva, J.S., and Nociti, F.H. (2011). “Impact of smoking on inflammation: Overview of molecular mechanisms”. Inflammation Research, 60(5): 409–424.

Grando, S.A. (2014). “Connections of nicotine to cancer”. Nature Reviews Cancer, 14(6): 419–429.

He, Z., Xu, Y., Rao, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhou, J., Zhou, T., and Wang, H. (2024). “The role of α7-nAChR-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer induced by nicotine”. Science of The Total Environment, 912: 169604.

Hoffmann, R.F., Zarrintan, S., Brandenburg, S.M., Kol, A., de Bruin, H.G., Jafari, S., Dijk, F., Kalicharan, D., Kelders, M., Gosker, H.R., ten Hacken, N.H., van der Want, J.J., van Oosterhout, A.J., and Heijink, I.H. (2013). “Prolonged cigarette smoke exposure alters mitochondrial structure and function in airway epithelial cells”. Respiratory Research, 14(1): 97.

Hu, H., Kan, H., Kearney, G.D., and Xu, X. (2015). “Associations between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glucose homeostasis as well as metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic adults”. Science of the Total Environment, 505: 56–64.

Huopaniemi, L., Pimenoff, L., Jalkanen, R., Jarvela, I., and Sankila, E.-M. (1999). “Three widespread founder mutations contribute to high incidence of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis in Finland”. European Journal of Human Genetics, 7(3): 368–376.

Ialongo, C., Sabatini, D., and Grassi, M.C. (2020). “Nicotine and Cardiovascular Function”. Springer International Publishing, 803-816.

Jang, D., Lee, A.-H., Shin, H.-Y., Song, H.-R., Park, J.-H., Kang, T.-B., Lee, S.-R., and Yang, S.-H. (2021). “The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-α inhibitors in therapeutics”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5): 2719.

Johnstone, R.W., Frew, A.J., and Smyth, M.J. (2008). “The TRAIL apoptotic pathway in cancer onset, progression and therapy”. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(10): 782–798.

Kapoor, D., and Jones, T.H. (2005). “Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders”. European Journal of Endocrinology, 152(4): 491–499.

Khoshraftar, Z., and Ghaemi, A. (2024). “Chapter 12-Adsorption of organic pollutants from pesticides using polymeric adsorbents”. Elsevier, 461–512.

Kim, B.-S., Kim, S.-J., Kim, H.-J., Lee, S.-J., Park, Y.-J., Lee, J., and You, H.-K. (2012). “Effects of nicotine on proliferation and osteoblast differentiation in human alveolar bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells”. Life Sciences, 90(3): 109–115.

Krieger, J.A., Davila, D.R., Lytton, J., Born, J.L., and Burchiel, S.W. (1995). “Inhibition of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCA) by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in HPB-all human T cells and other tissues”. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 133(1): 102–108.

Kumar, K., Mhetre, A., Ratnaparkhi, G. S., and Kamat, S. S. (2021). “A superfamily-wide activity atlas of serine hydrolases in Drosophila melanogaster”. Biochemistry, 60(16): 1312–1324.

Lappas, M., and Permezel, M. (2011). “The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 derivative, are elicited by FoxO3 in human gestational tissues: Implications for preterm birth”. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22(12): 1195–1201.

Laupeze, B., Amiot, L., Sparfel, L., Le Ferrec, E., Fauchet, R., and Fardel, O. (2002). “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affect functional differentiation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells”. The Journal of Immunology, 168(6): 2652–2658.

Lee, H.-J., Guo, H.-Y., Lee, S.-K., Jeon, B.-H., Jun, C.-D., Lee, S.-K., Park, M.-H., and Kim, E.-C. (2005). “Effects of nicotine on proliferation, cell cycle, and differentiation in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes”. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine, 34(7): 436–443.

Lee, K. W., and Pausova, Z. (2013). “Cigarette smoking and DNA methylation”. Frontiers in Genetics, 17(4): 132.

Manyema, M., Norris, S. A., and Richter, L. M. (2018). “Stress begets stress: The association of adverse childhood experiences with psychological distress in the presence of adult life stress”. BMC Public Health, 18(1): 835.

Mazumder, S., Ahamed, R. A., Seyler, T. H., and Wang, L. (2023). “Short- and long-term stability of aromatic amines in human urine”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5): 4135.

Meador, J. P. (2008). “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons”. In Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, 2881–2891.

Meng, Z.-Y., Fan, Y.-C., Zhang, C.-S., Zhang, L.-L., Wu, T., Nong, M.-Y., Wang, T., Chen, C., and Jiang, L.-H. (2023). “EXOSC10 is a novel hepatocellular carcinoma prognostic biomarker: A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and experiment verification”. Bioinformatics and Genomics, 11: e15860.

Mishra, A., Chaturvedi, P., Datta, S., Sinukumar, S., Joshi, P., and Garg, A. (2015). “Harmful effects of nicotine”. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 36(1): 24–31.

Moazamian, R., Polhemus, A., Connaughton, H., Fraser, B., Whiting, S., Gharagozloo, P., and Aitken, R. J. (2015). “Oxidative stress and human spermatozoa: Diagnostic and functional significance of aldehydes generated as a result of lipid peroxidation.” MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine, 21(6): 502–515.

Nakanishi, S., and Cleveland, J. L. (2021). “Polyamine homeostasis in development and disease.” Medical Sciences, 9(2): 28.

NCI. (2017). “Harms of Cigarette Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting-NCI”.

Neumann, H.-G. (2007). “Aromatic amines in experimental cancer research: tissue-specific effects, an old problem and new solutions.” Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37(3): 211–236.

Ogunwale, M. A., Li, M., Ramakrishnam Raju, M. V., Chen, Y., Nantz, M. H., Conklin, D. J., and Fu, X.-A. (2017). “Aldehyde detection in electronic cigarette aerosols.” ACS Omega, 2(3): 1207–1214.

Osman, A. A., Abdi Omar, A. A., Khatun, M. A., Sheikh, M. R., Alam, M. S., Zaman, M. M. U., Abedin, M. T., & Sayed, M. A. (2023). “Biochemical analysis of Leonurus sibiricus and prediction of its bioactive compound-protein interactions in Homo sapiens.” Bioresearch Communications, 10(1): 1398–1412.

Patel, A. B., Shaikh, S., Jain, K. R., Desai, C., and Madamwar, D. (2020). “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources, toxicity, and remediation approaches.” Frontiers in Microbiology, 11: 562813.

Penning, T. M. (2014). “Human Aldo-keto reductases and the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.” Chemical Research in Toxicology, 27(11): 1901–1917.

Prokop, J. W., Bupp, C. P., Frisch, A., Bilinovich, S. M., Campbell, D. B., Vogt, D., Schultz, C. R., Uhl, K. L., VanSickle, E., Rajasekaran, S., and Bachmann, A. S. (2021). “Emerging role of ODC1 in neurodevelopmental disorders and brain development.” Genes, 12(4): 470.

Rendić, S. P., Crouch, R. D., and Guengerich, F. P. (2022). “Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: Review and compilation of reactions.” Archives of Toxicology, 96(8): 2145–2246.

Rigi-Ladiz, M. A., Baranzehi, T., Hassanpour, B., Ashraf, M. J., Farhad-Mollashahi, L., and Kordi-Tamandani, D. M. (2019). “DNA methylation and expression status of glutamate receptor genes in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.” Meta Gene, 100555.

Rizkita, A. D., Dewi, S. A., Fakih, T. M., and Lee, C. (2024). “Effectiveness of sesquiterpene derivatives from Cinnamomum genus in nicotine replacement therapy through blocking acetylcholine nicotinate: A computational analysis.” Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 0(0): 1–14.

Salazar, J., Barreto, S., Castro, L., and Torres, R. (2007). “Association of a polymorphism in the promoter of the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II gene (CRABP2) with increased circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol”. Clinical Chemical Laboratory Medicine, 45(5): 511–516.

Sapkota, M., and Wyatt, T. (2015). “Alcohol, aldehydes, adducts and airways.” Biomolecules, 5(4): 2987–3008.

Scherer, G. P. N., and Scherer, M. (2024). “Literature review on Nicotine’s Role in Human Health.” Contribution Tob Nicotine Res, 34(1): 1-111.

Seckler, J. M., Shen, J., Lewis, T. H. J., Abdulameer, M. A., Zaman, K., Palmer, L. A., Bates, J. N., Jenkins, M. W., and Lewis, S. J. (2020). “NADPH diaphorase detects S-nitrosylated proteins in aldehyde-treated biological tissues.” Scientific Reports, 10(1): 21088.

Seta, R. (2017). “Overexpression and silencing of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in human cancer cell lines”.

Sharma, S., Sharma, P., Bailey, T., Bhattarai, S., Subedi, U., Miller, C., Ara, H., Kidambi, S., Sun, H., Panchatcharam, M., and Miriyala, S. (2022). “Electrophilic aldehyde 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal mediated signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction.” Biomolecules, 12(11): 1555.

Singh, S., Chand, P., Khan, S.I., and Lewis, P. (2015). “ALDH1B1 links alcohol consumption and diabetes”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 463(4): 768–773.

Soleimani, F., Dobaradaran, S., De-la-Torre, G. E., Schmidt, T. C., and Saeedi, R. (2022). “Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review.” Science of The Total Environment, 813: 152667.

Somborac-Bačura, A., van der Toorn, M., Franciosi, L., Slebos, D.-J., Žanić-Grubišić, T., Bischoff, R., and van Oosterhout, A. J. M. (2013). “Cigarette smoke induces endoplasmic reticulum stress response and proteasomal dysfunction in human alveolar epithelial cells.” Experimental Physiology, 98(1): 316–325.

Soucek, P., Susova, S., Mohelnikova-Duchonova, B., Gromadzinska, J., Moraviec-Sztandera, A., Vodicka, P., and Vodickova, L. (2010). “Polymorphisms in metabolizing enzymes and the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the Slavic population of central Europe.” Neoplasma, 57(5): 415–421.

Sprooten, E., Lymer, G. K. S., Maniega, S. M., McKirdy, J., Sussmann, J. E. D., Clayden, J. D., Bastin, M. E., Porteous, D., Johnstone, E. C., Lawrie, S. M., Hall, J., and McIntosh, A. M. (2009). “Segmentation of the anterior thalamic radiation using neighborhood tractography.” Molecular Psychiatry, 14(3): 233–233.

Swan, G. E., and Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N. (2007). “The Effects of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine on Cognition and the Brain.” Neuropsychology Review, 17(3): 259–273.

Talaska, G. (2003). “Aromatic amines and human urinary bladder cancer: Exposure sources and epidemiology.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 21(1): 29–43.

Tang, Y., Donnelly, K. C., Tiffany-Castiglioni, E., and Mumtaz, M. M. (2003). “Neurotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and simple chemical mixtures.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 66(10): 919–940.

Tarafdar, A., Chawda, S. and Sinha, A. (2020). “Health risk assessment from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in dietary components: A meta-analysis on a global scale”. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 40(3): 850–861.

Thelestam, M., Curvall, M., and Enzell, C. R. (1980). “Effect of tobacco smoke compounds on the plasma membrane of cultured human lung fibroblasts.” Toxicology, 15(3): 203–217.

Turesky, R. J. (2002). “Heterocyclic aromatic amine metabolism, DNA adduct formation, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.” Drug Metabolism Reviews, 34(3): 625–650.

Van Rhijn, J.-R., Shi, Y., Bormann, M., Mossink, B., Frega, M., Recaioglu, H., Hakobjan, M., Klein Gunnewiek, T., Schoenmaker, C., Palmer, E., Faivre, L., Kittel-Schneider, S., Schubert, D., Brunner, H., Franke, B., and Nadif Kasri, N. (2022). “Brunner syndrome associated MAOA mutations result in NMDAR hyperfunction and increased network activity in human dopaminergic neurons.” Neurobiology of Disease, 163: 105587.

Vineis, P., and Pirastu, R. (1997). “Aromatic amines and cancer.” Cancer Causes and Control, 8(3): 346–355.

Wang, J., Zhng, Z., Jiang, J., Tang, L., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Yang, X., Yu, X., Huang, C., Chen, F., Wan, H., and Ye, S. (2022). “KDM2A plays a dual role in regulating the expression of malignancy-related genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 624: 53–58.

Wang, Q., Xu, X., Cong, X., Zeng, Z., Xu, L., and Huo, X. (2019). “Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and epoxide hydrolase 1 play roles in asthma.” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(1): 191–210.

Wiegand, A., Blickle, A., Brückmann, C., Weller, S., Nieratschker, V., and Plewnia, C. (2021). “Dynamic DNA methylation changes in the COMT gene promoter region in response to mental stress and its modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation.” Biomolecules, 11(11): 1726.

Xia, X., Jiang, Q., McDermott, J., and Han, J. J. (2018). “Aging and Alzheimer’s disease: Comparison and associations from molecular to system level.” Aging Cell, 17(5): e12802.

Zając, M., Gryglik, D., Wolczyński, K., and Wójcikowski, C. (2023). “Acquired angioedema in selected neoplastic diseases”. Medicina, 59(4): 644.

Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Wang, H., Tao, S., and Kiyama, R. (2016). “Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors.” Environmental Pollution, 213: 809–824.

Zhou, Y., Li, S., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., and Li, T. (2019). “Serum bradykinin levels as a diagnostic marker in cervical cancer with a potential mechanism to promote VEGF expression via BDKRB2”. International Journal of Oncology, [Preprint].

Zhu, L., Xiao, R., Zhang, X., Lang, Y., Liu, F., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Su, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, T., Luo, S., Wang, J., Liu, M.-L., Dupuis, J., Jing, Z.-C., Li, T., Xiong, W., and Hu, Q. (2019). “Spermine on endothelial extracellular vesicles mediates smoking-induced pulmonary hypertension partially through calcium-sensing receptor.” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 39(3): 482–495.

Downloads

Published

31-12-2024

How to Cite

Miah, M. L., Hossain, M. F., Uddin, M. E., Rahman, M. H., Barua, H., Osman, A. A., Khan, M. A. A., & Sheikh, M. R. (2024). Proteomic Insights into the Health Impacts of Cigarette Smoking: Analyzing Nicotine, PAHs, Aromatic Amines, and Aldehydes. Bioresearch Communications - (BRC), 11(01), 1651–1678. https://doi.org/10.3329/brc.v11i1.78881

Issue

Section

Original Article