Cultural Validation of Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (Younger Version) in Bangladesh

Shamima  Shiraji; Afroza  Parveen; Mst. Sharmin  Shiraji; Most. Salma  Akter; Abu Yusuf  Mahmud; Jena Derakhshani  Hamadani

doi:10.3329/brc.v12i1.86776

Authors

Shamima Shiraji Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).
Afroza Parveen Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).
Mst. Sharmin Shiraji Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).
Most. Salma Akter Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).
Abu Yusuf Mahmud National Academy for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities (NAAND), 6/A Segun Bagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Jena Derakhshani Hamadani Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3329/brc.v12i1.86776

Keywords:

cultural validation, cognitive ability, reliability, validity

Abstract

Lack of indigenous instruments creates difficulty to measure early childhood development. Cultural validation is prerequisite for available foreign measures. Very few tools that assess cognitive development of children are culturally appropriate for Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to culturally validate the younger version of Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSI-IV) to assess cognitive abilities of children in rural Bangladesh. A systematic validation protocol was followed including forward and backward translation, modification of pictures, items, and questions without altering underlying construct. Then psychometric properties were tested by measuring reliability and validity of the WPPSI-IV. The results indicated perfect inter-observer reliability (r = 1), and strong test-retest reliability within an interval of 7 days (r = 0.63 to 0.92) of the WPPSI-IV. We found significant correlations among the subtests of the scales of WPPSI-IV indicating its internal consistency. A total of 107 children was included to test the concurrent validity of WPPSI-IV. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the WPPSI-IV with Bayley-III and found significant moderate association between them (r = 0.51). Thus, the younger version of WPPSI-IV is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the cognitive ability of children in Bangladesh. This has important implications to reduce the developmental deficit of children in Bangladesh.

References

Community-University Partnership for the Study of Children, Youth, and Families (2011). Review of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Third Edition [Canadian] (WPPSI-IIICDN). Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Gilani, I. (2017). Cognitive Potential and Its Predictors in Children from A Rural District of Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC, 29(1), 68–73.

Gorman, K. S., & Pollitt E. (1996). Does schooling buffer the effects of earlyrisk? Child Development,67, 314–26.

icddr,b (2009). Health and demographic surveillance system, Matlab. Registration of Health and Demographic events 2007, 41.

Hamadani, J. et al., (2011). International Journal of Epidemiology 2011; 40:1593-1604. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr176

John, H. B., Arumugam, A., Priya, M., Murugesan, N., Rajendraprasad, N., Rebekah, G., Paul, P., Chandna, J., Lawn, J. E., & Santhanam, S. (2022). South Indian Children's Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Group B Streptococcus Invasive Disease: A Matched-Cohort Study. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 74(Suppl_1), S24–S34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab792

Jones, G., Steeketee, R. W., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A., Morris, S., and the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group (2003). How many deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet,362, 65–71

Kippler, M., Tofail, F., Hamadani, J. D., Gardner, R. M., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Bottai, M., &Vahter, M. (2012). Early-Life Cadmium Exposure and Child Development in 5-Year-Old Girls and Boys: A Cohort Study in Rural Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(10), 1462–1468. http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104431

Moore, A. C., Akhter, S., & Aboud, F. (2005). Evaluation of pilot preschool programs of Plan Bangladesh. Bangladesh Education Journal, 4(1), 33–39.

Murtaza, S. F., Gan, W. Y., Sulaiman, N., Mohd Shariff, Z., Ismail, S. I. F. (2019). Sociodemographic, nutritional, and environmental factors are associated with cognitive performance among Orang Asli children in Malaysia. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0219841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219841

Prado, E. L., Hartini, S., Rahmawati, A., Ismayani, E., Hidayati, A., Hikmah, N., ... & Alcock, K. J. (2010). Test selection, adaptation, and evaluation: A systematic approach to assess nutritional influences on child development in developing countries. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(1), 31–53.

Rasheed, M. A., Pham, S., Memon, U., Siyal, S., Obradović, J., & Aisha K. Yousafzai, A. K. (2018). Adaptation of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III and lessons learned for evaluating intelligence in low-income settings. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 6(3), 197-207, DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2017.1302851

Ruan-Iu, L., Pendergast, L. L., Rasheed, M., Tofail, F., Svensen, E., Maphula, A., ... & Murray-Kolb, L. E. (2020). Assessing early childhood fluid reasoning in low-and middle-income nations: validity of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence across seven MAL-ED sites. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(2), 256-262.

Santos, D. N., Assis, A. M. O., Bastos, A. C. S., Santos, L. M., Santos, C. A. S., Strina, A., ... Barreto, M. L. (2008). Determinants of cognitive function in childhood: A cohort study in a middle income context. BMC Public health, 8(1), 1.

Schneider, N., Geiser, E., Gosoniu, L. M., Wibowo, Y., Gentile-Rapinett, G., Tedjasaputra, M. S., & Sastroasmoro, S. (2018). A Combined Dietary and Cognitive Intervention in 3⁻5-Year-Old Children in Indonesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 10(10), 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101394

Solon, O., Riddell, T. J., Quimbo, S. A., Butrick, E., Aylward, G. P., Bacate, M. L., & Peabody, J. W. (2008). Associations between cognitive function, blood lead concentration, and nutrition among children in the central Philippines. The Journal of Pediatrics, 152(2), 237–243.

Stith A. Y., Gorman K. S., & Choudhury N. (2003). The effects of psychosocial risk and gender on school attainment in Guatemala. Appl Psychol, 52,614–29.

Tofail, F, Persson, L. A., El Arifeen S et al. (2008). Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on infant development: a randomized trial from the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab (MINIMat) study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 704–711.

Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Younger, N., & Grantham McGregor, S. M. (2010). The effect of psychosocial stimulation on cognition and behaviour at 6 years in a cohort of term, low-birth weight Jamaican children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 52(7), e148–e154.

Wasserman, G. A., Liu, X., Parvez, F., Ahsan, H., FactorLitvak, P., Kline, J. ... Grazino, J. H. (2007). Water arsenic exposure and intellectual function in 6-year-old children in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environment Health Perspectives, 115, 285–289. doi:10.1289/ehp.9501

Wechsler, D. (2002). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – III. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Wechsler, D. (2012). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.